A neutral pH aqueous biphasic system applied to both static and flow membrane-free battery

Here, we present a new aqueous biphasic system (ABS) with near neutral pH and containing highly soluble organic/organometallic active species that avoids crossover due to the thermodynamic separation of species. This ABS become best example “Static” Membrane-Free Battery highest maximum theoretical energy density (21.7 Wh L−1), enhanced coulombic efficiency (96%) stable performance over 250 cycles. Moreover, this work assesses process self-discharge stablishing for first time protocol quantify phenomenon results in low efficiencies membrane-free batteries. Remarkably, radically flow-reactor was specifically designed maintain liquid-liquid interphase allows battery operate under flowing conditions. resulted flow two-fold increase power density, high excellent capacity retention 100 demonstrates feasibility electrolyte concept truly Membrane-free “Flow” Battery.